
Government subsidies on fossil fuels surged in 2022 in the wake of record high energy prices. Russia’s attack on Ukraine highlighted how dependent the world remains on oil and gas and how much further the energy transition still needs to go.

Government subsidies on fossil fuels surged in 2022 in the wake of record high energy prices. Russia’s attack on Ukraine highlighted how dependent the world remains on oil and gas and how much further the energy transition still needs to go.
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In the context of economics, an externality is a consequence of a business or industrial activity that affects third parties but which is not reflected in market prices.
CO2 emissions from the industrial sectors led to a year-on-year drop in 2025 under the EU Emissions Trading System, according to verified European Commission figures released in April.
Refers to sectors in which greenhouse gas emissions are difficult to reduce. Includes industries such as iron and steel, cement, refining, chemicals, shipping, aviation and heavy duty trucks.
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